Fluid flow tests were conducted on four kinds of fracture intersections, namely straight fracture intersection, buckling fracture intersection, crossing fracture intersection and furcating fracture intersection. Corresponding numerical simulations were performed by solving the Navier-Stokes equations. The resultant flow force per- pendicular to fracture walls were derived. The results show that at high hydraulic gradients the increased normal resultant force perpendicular to fracture walls will change the original flow direction and consequently cause the formation of eddies which triggers flow nonlinearity. Greater buckling angle and smaller crossing angle would result in the onset of nonlinear flow at a higher critical hydraulic gradient for the cases of buckling and crossing fracture intersections. The critical hydraulic gradient for the case of furcating fracture intersection depends on the absolute angle between furcating flow and the original flow direction. Based on the analyses, three nonlinear models for coefficient B in the Forchheimer law corresponding to three cases of fracture intersections are pro- posed, which are related to the fracture intersection angle and hydraulic aperture. These models are further validated using flow experimental data from a real fracture network created in a rock specimen with the cor- responding fracture model constructed using the computed tomography (CT) method.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2020.103446
